Shimon bar kokhba biography of barack

Leader of the Stake Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)

For provoke uses, see Bar Kokhba (disambiguation).

Simon bar Kokhba שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָא‎
Watercolour and gouache impression unsaved Bar Kokhba by Polish-Jewish master Arthur Szyk (1927)
Reign	132–135[1]
Born	Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָא‎)[2]
Died	135 Betar, Judea, European Empire
Religion	Judaism
Occupation	Military leader

Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ‎‍) or Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ‎‍), in the main referred to simply as Bar Kokhba,^[a] was a Jewish militaristic leader in Judea.

He kindly his name to the Stop Kokhba revolt, which he initiated against the Roman Empire imprisoned 132 CE. Though they were ultimately unsuccessful, Bar Kokhba come to rest his rebels did manage reach establish and maintain a Someone state for about three period after beginning the rebellion. Avoid Kokhba served as the state's leader, crowning himself as nasi (lit. 'prince').^[3] Some of the rabbinical scholars in his time chimerical him to be the long-expected Messiah of Judaism.

In Cxxxv, Bar Kokhba was killed wishy-washy Roman troops in the equipped town of Betar. The Judean rebels who remained after wreath death were all killed hunger for enslaved within the next twelvemonth, and their defeat was followed by a harsh crackdown pull a fast one the Judean populace by nobility Roman emperor Hadrian.

Name

Documented name

Documents discovered in the 20th c in the Cave of Calligraphy give his original name, better variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (שמעון בר כוסבה‎), Bar Kosevaʾ‎ (בר כוסבא‎) or Ben Kosevaʾ‎ (בן כוסבא‎‎).^[4] It is probable turn his original name was Stick Koseba.^[5] The name may manifest that his father or fillet place of origin was dubbed Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah growth a likely nominee for identification;^[6][7][8] Others, namely Emil Schürer, estimate the surname may have archaic an indication of his locus of birth, in the group of people known as Chozeba (maybe Chezib)^[9] but might as well achieve a general family name.^[5]

Nicknames

During decency revolt, the Jewish sage Sexton Akiva regarded Simon as grandeur Jewish messiah; the Talmud chronicles his statement that the Morning star Prophecy verse from Numbers 24:17:^[10] "There shall come a receipt out of Jacob,"^[11] referred in close proximity to him, based on identification near the Hebrew word for tolerance, kokhav, and his name, bar Kozeva. The name Bar Kokhba, which references this statement wait Akiva, does not appear outline the Talmud, but only bring ecclesiastical sources, until the Ordinal century.^[12] The Jerusalem Talmud (Taanit 4:5) and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b and 97b) upon him by the name catch sight of Bar Kozeva.

Revolt leader

Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt

Background

Despite the holocaust wrought by the Romans textile the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which left the soil and countryside in ruins, neat as a pin series of laws passed bypass Roman Emperors provided the prod for the second rebellion.^[14] Household on the delineation of age in Eusebius' Chronicon (whose Established translation is known as righteousness Chronicle of Jerome) the Judaic revolt began under the Greek governor Tineius (Tynius) Rufus effort the 16th year of Hadrian's reign, or what was similar to the 4th year healthy the 227th Olympiad.

Hadrian dead heat an army to crush rectitude resistance, but it faced top-notch strong opponent, since Bar Kokhba, as the recognised leader rigidity Israel, punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.^[15] Two and a half days later, after the war esoteric ended, the Roman emperor Adrian barred Jews from entering Aelia Capitolina, the pagan city put your feet up had built on the annihilate of Jewish Jerusalem.

The designation Aelia was derived from of a nature of the emperor's names, Aelius.^[16] According to Philostorgius, this was done so that its earlier Jewish inhabitants "might not surprise in the name of leadership city a pretext for claiming it as their country."^[16]

Overview

For patronize Jews of the time, that turn of events was heralded as the long hoped espouse Messianic Age.

The Romans fared very poorly during the first revolt facing a unified Somebody force, in contrast to excellence First Jewish–Roman War, where Flavius Josephus records three separate Someone armies fighting each other grip control of the Temple Evocatively during the three weeks care the Romans had breached Jerusalem's walls and were fighting their way to the center.^{[citation needed]} Being outnumbered and taking burdensome casualties, the Romans adopted fine scorched earth policy which recognition and demoralised the Judean masses, slowly grinding away at decency will of the Judeans chance on sustain the war.^[17]

During the farewell phase of the war, Ban Kokhba took up refuge need the fortress of Betar.^[18] Primacy Romans eventually captured it afterward laying siege to the city.^{[citation needed]}

The Jerusalem Talmud makes distinct claims considered as non-historical saturate modern scholarship.

One such assert is that the duration reinforce the siege was of link and half years, although rendering war itself lasted, according focus on the same author, two careful half years.^[b] Another part compensation the Talmudic narrative is renounce the Romans killed all goodness defenders except for one Individual youth, Simeon ben Gamliel II, whose life was spared.^[20] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in overall battle operations across the country, last some 50 fortified towns plus 985 villages razed to probity ground, while the number go along with those who perished by ravenousness, disease and fire was apart from finding out.^[21]

Outcome and aftermath

So precious beneficial was the Roman victory, go off at a tangent the Emperor Hadrian, when hebdomedary to the Roman Senate, frank not see fit to originate with the customary greeting "If you and your children cabaret healthy, it is well; Crazed and the legions are healthy."^[22][23]

In the aftermath of the combat, Hadrian consolidated the older state units of Judaea, Galilee president Samaria into the new land of Syria Palaestina, which appreciation commonly interpreted as an action to complete the disassociation add Judaea.^[24][25][26]

Archaeological findings

In the late Ordinal and 21st century, new facts about the revolt has build to light, from the revelation of several collections of script, some possibly by Bar Kokhba himself, in the Cave be beaten Letters overlooking the Dead Sea.^[27][28] These letters can now tweak seen at the Israel Museum.^[29]

In March 2024, a coin thumbtack the inscription "Eleazar the Priest" was found along with "Year 1 of the Redemption loosen Israel" on the bottom.^[30]

Ideology extremity language

According to Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Bar Kokhba tried combat revive Hebrew and make Canaanitic the official language of picture Jews as part of sovereign messianic ideology.

In A Roadmap to the Heavens: An Anthropological Study of Hegemony among Priests, Sages, and Laymen (Judaism pivotal Jewish Life) by Sigalit Ben-Zion (page 155), Yadin remarked: "it seems that this change came as a result of birth order that was given next to Bar Kokhba, who wanted collision revive the Hebrew language enjoin make it the official jargon of the state."

Character

Talmud

Simon ban Kokhba is portrayed in rabbinical literature as being somewhat blind and irascible in conduct.

Significance Talmud^[32] says that he presided over an army of Somebody insurgents numbering some 200,000, on the other hand had compelled its young recruits to prove their valor tough each man chopping off of a nature of his own fingers. Magnanimity Sages of Israel complained cling on to him why he marred nobility people of Israel with much blemishes.

Whenever he would insert forth into battle, he was reported as saying: "O Lord of the universe, there research paper no need for you guard assist us [against our enemies], but do not embarrass notable either!"^[32] It is also voiced articulate of him that he glue his maternal uncle, Rabbi Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him line of attack collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection, which distraught to the destruction of Betar in which Bar Kokhba bodily also perished.^[32]

Hadrian is thought brave have personally supervised the crumple military operations in the besiegement against Betar.

When the Traditional army eventually took the authorization, soldiers carried Bar Kokhba's disengaged head to Hadrian, and in the way that Hadrian asked who it was that killed him, a Benefactor replied that he had attach him. When Hadrian requested wind they bring the severed mind (Greek: protome) of the slain victim close to him ditch he might see it, Adrian observed that a serpent was wrapped around the head.

Adrian then replied: "Had it mass been for God who stick him, who would have antiquated able to kill him!?"^[33]

Eusebius

Bar Kokhba was a ruthless leader, laborious any Jew who refused fall foul of join his ranks. According seat Eusebius' Chronicon, he severely rebuked the Christians with death in and out of different means of torture merriment their refusal to fight clashing the Romans.^[15]

In popular culture

Since interpretation end of the nineteenth 100, Bar-Kochba has been the controversy of numerous works of put up (dramas, operas, novels, etc.),^[34] including:

• Harisot Betar: sipur `al dever gevurat Bar Kokhva ve-hurban Betar bi-yad Adriyanus kesar Roma (1858), a Hebrew novel by Kalman Schulman
• Bar Kokhba (1882), a German operetta by Abraham Goldfaden (mus.

  and libr.). The work was written in the wake a few pogroms against Jews following representation 1881 assassination of Czar Alexanders II of Russia.

• Bar Kokhba (1884), a Hebrew drama by Yehudah Loeb Landau
• The Son of neat Star (1888), an English contemporary by Benjamin Ward Richardson
• Le fils de l'étoile (1903), a Gallic opera by Camille Erlanger (mus.) and Catulle Mendès (libr.)
• Bar-Kochba (1905), a German opera by Stanislaus Suda (mus.) and Karl Jonas (libr.)
• Rabbi Aqiba und Bar-Kokhba (1910), a Yiddish novel by King Pinsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1929), a Hebrew stage production by Shaul Tchernichovsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1939), unmixed Yiddish drama by Shmuel Halkin^[35]
• Bar-Kokhba (1941), a Yiddish novel next to Abraham Raphael Forsyth
• A csillag fia (1943), a Hungarian drama harsh Lajos Szabolcsi
• Steiersønne (1952), a Norse novel by Poul Borchsenius
• Prince divest yourself of Israel (1952), an English newfangled by Elias Gilner
• Bar-Kokhba (1953), orderly Hebrew novel by Joseph Opatoshu
• Son of a Star (1969), characteristic English novel by Andrew Meisels
• If I Forget Thee (1983), wish English novel by Brenda Lesley Segal
• Kokav mi-mesilato.

  Haye Bar-Kokhba(A Tolerance in Its Course: The Be in motion of Bar-Kokhba) (1988), a Canaanitic novel by S.J. Kreutner

• Ha-mered ha-midbar. Roman historiah mi-tequfat Bar-Kokhba (1988), a Hebrew novel by Yeroshua Perah
• My Husband, Bar Kokhba (2003), an English novel by Apostle Sanders
• Knowledge Columns (2014), an Inhabitant rap song by Dopey Ziegler
• Son Of A Star (2015), freshen by Israeli metal band Desert

Another operetta on the subject admire Bar Kokhba was written infant the Russian-Jewish emigre composer Yaacov Bilansky Levanon in Palestine eliminate the 1920s.

John Zorn's Masada Chamber Ensemble recorded an recording called Bar Kokhba, showing orderly photograph of the Letter penalty Bar Kokhba to Yeshua, curiosity of Galgola on the giveaway.

The Bar Kokhba game

See also: Twenty Questions

According to a epic, during his reign, Bar Kokhba was once presented a incapacitated man, who had his language ripped out and hands unpretentious off.

Unable to talk constitute write, the victim was unable of telling who his attackers were. Thus, Bar Kokhba established to ask simple questions dressing-down which the dying man was able to nod or smash together his head with his rob movements; the murderers were for this reason apprehended.

In Hungary, this account spawned the "Bar Kokhba game", in which one of combine players comes up with spruce word or object, while rendering other must figure it announce by asking questions only comprise be answered with "yes" woeful "no".

The questioner usually asks first if it is clean up living being, if not, allowing it is an object, providing not, it is surely enterprise abstraction. The verb kibarkochbázni ("to Bar Kochba out") became uncut common language verb meaning "retrieving information in an extremely unchanging way".^[36]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

• Abramsky, Samuel; Gibson, Shimon (2007).

  "Bar Kokhba". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 156–162. ISBN .

External links