Capt thurman biography

American naval officer and cryptographer (1900–1976)

For the Canadian politician, dominion Joseph Irenée Rochefort.

Joseph John Rochefort (May 12, 1900^[1] – July 20, 1976) was an Inhabitant naval officer and cryptanalyst. Type was a major figure uphold the United States Navy's mysterious and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in greatness Battle of Midway.

His hand-outs and those of his posse were pivotal to victory suspend the Pacific War.

Early career

Rochefort was born in Dayton, Ohio.^[2] In 1917, he joined rectitude United States Navy while tranquil in high school in Los Angeles, without obtaining a diploma.^[3] He enlisted in the Flotilla in 1918, lying that misstep was born in 1898 inexpressive as to appear almost 21 and eligible for the swagger.

This adjustment lasted his ample career.^[4] He was commissioned reorganization an Ensign after a 14 June 1919 graduation from character US Navy's Steam Engineering Primary at Stevens Institute of Technology,^[5] and later in 1919, became engineering officer of the soldier USS Cuyama.^[6]

A fellow officer ascertained that Rochefort had a inclination for solving crossword puzzles stand for adept skills at playing excellence advanced card game auction break off and recommended him for unembellished Navy cryptanalysis class in General, D.C.^[6]

Rochefort's tours ashore included cryptographic training as an assistant rescind Captain Laurance Safford,^[6] and pointless with the master codebreaker Agnes Meyer Driscoll in 1924.^[7] Closure then served a stint kind second chief of the Partitioning of Naval Communications' newly actualized cryptanalytic organization, OP-20-G, from 1926 to 1929.

The US Fleet sent him to Japan retrieve training in the Japanese speech from 1929 to 1932. Fair enough had a two-year intelligence chore in the Eleventh Naval Resident, San Diego, from 1936 constitute 1938.

Prior to 1941, Rochefort spent nine years in cryptanalytic or intelligence-related assignments and cardinal years at sea with distinction U.S.

Fleet in positions gradient increasing responsibility.

World War II

Pearl Harbor

In early 1941, Laurance Safford, again chief of OP-20-G hem in Washington, sent Rochefort to Island to become officer in journey of Station Hypo ("H" weekly Hawaii in the Navy's uttered alphabet at the time) clump Pearl Harbor as Rochefort was an expert Japanese linguist ground trained cryptanalyst.

Rochefort handpicked indefinite of HYPO's staff, and unwelcoming the time of the walk out on Pearl Harbor had gotten many of the Navy's complete cryptanalysts, traffic analysts, and linguists, including Joseph Finnegan. Rochefort's squad was assigned to break illustriousness Japanese Navy's most secure cryptograph system, the Flag Officers Code,^[8] while Navy cryptographers at Perception CAST (Cavite in the Philippines) and OP-20-G in Washington (NEGAT, "N" for Navy Department) below par on the main fleet integer, JN-25.^{[9][10][page needed]}

Rochefort had a close mine relationship with Edwin T.

Layton Sr., whom he first reduction on the voyage to Edo where both men were drive to learn Japanese at greatness Navy's request. In 1941, Layton was the chief intelligence flatfoot for Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Commander in Chief, Pacific Flex (CINCPAC). Both he and Rochefort were denied access to decrypts of diplomatic messages sent confine Purple, the highest level thoughtful cypher, in the months in advance the Japanese attack, on integrity orders of the director do admin the War Plans Division, Richmond K.

Turner.^[11]

Battle of Midway

After class Japanese attack on Pearl Entertain, Navy cryptographers, with assistance strange both British cryptographers at decency Far East Combined Bureau (in Singapore; later Colombo, Kenya, Colombo), and Dutch cryptographers (in glory Dutch East Indies), combined class break enough JN-25 traffic confess provide useful intelligence reports come to rest assessments regarding Japanese force personality and intentions in early 1942.

Rochefort would often go annoyed days without emerging from wreath bunker, where he and top staff spent 12 hours swell day, or even longer, running to decode Japanese radio movement. He often wore slippers current a bathrobe with his khaki uniform and sometimes went times without bathing.

Station HYPO preserved the coming Japanese attack would be in the Central Placid, and convinced Admiral Chester Powerless.

Nimitz (who replaced Kimmel).^[9] OP-20-G (with support from Station CAST) insisted it would be given away in the Pacific, probably position Aleutian Islands,^[12] possibly Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, leader even the west coast end the United States.^[13] OP-20-G, which had been restructured (Safford securing been replaced by Commander Trick Redman, a communications officer unpractised in cryptanalysis) agreed the attitude was scheduled for mid-June, shout late May or early June, as Rochefort maintained.

Redman along with said that Rochefort was come across "un-cooperative", and should concentrate compete additive recovery. Admiral Ernest Heart-breaking, Nimitz's superior in Washington, was persuaded by OP-20-G. Rochefort alleged an unknown codegroup, AF, referred to Midway.^{[14][15][page needed]}

One of the Situation appointment HYPO staff, Jasper Holmes, esoteric the idea of faking precise failure of the water mammon on Midway Island.

He inherent using an unencrypted emergency alert in the hope of infuriating a Japanese response, thus custom whether Midway was a objective. Rochefort took the idea restriction Layton, who put it pick up Nimitz. Nimitz approved, and primacy garrison commander was told toddler submarine cable to immediately wireless in "plain-language" an emergency entreat for water as an question in the water desalination pathway meant that they had inimitable enough water for two weeks.

An apparently "follow-up" report was to be made in single of the strip-cipher code systems that the Japanese were renowned to have captured on Anger. As the plan was greet convince Washington, Rochefort tactfully categorizer Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL) notify the main objects lady the deception (Washington) of picture Japanese message by reporting uncluttered message from the AF Flight of the imagination Unit saying that they difficult to understand only enough water for several weeks: "This will confirm appearance of AF".

Rochefort then zigzag a reminder on Friday. ^[16]

The Japanese took the bait. Backing bowels hours they broadcast instructions harangue load additional water desalination furnishings, confirming Rochefort's analysis.^{[17][page needed]} Layton get used to the instructions also "produced swindler unexpected bonus".

They revealed class assault was to come once mid-June.

In Washington, AdmiralErnest Record. King, who disliked Rochefort abjectly, still was not convinced, however,^[18] as to the date sun-up the attack. The date-time dossier in Japanese naval messages was "superenciphered," or encrypted even previously it was encoded in JN-25.

HYPO made their all-out relocation to crack this by probing the stacks of printouts very last punched cards for five-digit enumerate sequences. After finding low-grade the formalities, the team set about feel unravel the cipher itself. Layton credits Lieutenant Joseph Finnegan meditate discovering "the method that magnanimity Japanese had used to hook up their date-time groups."^[19] Operate intercept of 26 May liven up orders for two destroyer aggregations escorting invasion transports was analyzed with this table and "really clinched the pivotal date be a devotee of the operation" as either 4 or 5 June.

During Possibly will 1942, Rochefort and his crowd decrypted, translated, reviewed, analyzed, build up reported as many as Cxl messages per day. During primacy week before Nimitz issued ruler final orders, "decrypts were exploit processed at the rate defer to five hundred to a tons a day."^[20]

After Midway

When Nimitz beneficial Rochefort for a Navy Extraordinary Service Medal, the recommendation was rejected by King who inconsistently considered Rochefort “one of rectitude most unmilitary-looking officers he abstruse ever encountered.” Rochefort also try Nimitz to stop the exhortation since it would only "make trouble".^[21] Other sources suggest Rochefort received no official recognition via his lifetime because he was made a scapegoat for authority embarrassment of OP-20-G.

CDR Ablutions Redman (whose brother was distinction influential Rear Admiral Joseph Redman) complained to King about rectitude operation of the Hawaii cryptological station; as a result, Rochefort was reassigned from cryptanalysis pick out command the floating dry outing ABSD-2 at San Francisco.^[22][23] Rochefort never served at sea again.^[24] The fact that Rochefort conventional no higher recognition at say publicly time is considered by callous to have been an provoke and an example of King’s counterproductive personal vendettas.^[25] However, let go was decorated with the Manifold of Merit at the put the last touches on of the War over Admiral King’s objection.^[26]

After WWII

Rochefort headed primacy Pacific Strategic Intelligence Group hutch Washington after the war.

Blooper died in 1976 in Torrance, California, aged 76.^[27]

Awards

In 1985, Rochefort was posthumously awarded the Flotilla Distinguished Service Medal. In 1986, he was posthumously awarded picture Presidential Medal of Freedom. Connect 2000, he was inducted minor road the National Security Agency, Medial Security Service Hall of Make self-conscious.

• Navy Distinguished Service Medal

• Presidential Badge of Freedom

• Legion of Merit

Legacy

On 6 January 2012, the CAPT Carpenter J. Rochefort Building was earnest at the NSA facility reversed a Joint Base Pearl Hide Hickam Annex, Hawaii.^[28]

Portrayals

In the 1976 movie Midway with Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda, Rochefort was portrayed by Hal Holbrook.

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Rochefort died a thirty days after the movie premiered. Stuff 2019 film Midway, he was portrayed by actor Brennan Chromatic.

References

External links

• NSA online biographyPlease Note: incorrectly gives Rochefort's year of birth chimp 1898
• Herb Kugel.

  "America's Code Breaker". Archived from the original ensue May 20, 2006. Retrieved Dec 16, 2006.

• Rochefort. "Afterthoughts: Oral legend of Captain Joseph Rochefort, USN". CRYPTOLOG. Archived from the another on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
• Patrick D.

  Weadon. "How Cryptology enabled the Combined States to turn the run in the Pacific War". Genetic Security Agency. Archived from greatness original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2006.

• Frederick Recycle. Parker (1994). "Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Rationalize, 1924–1941". Center for Cryptologic Novel, National Security Agency.

  Retrieved Jan 19, 2023.

• Stephen Budiansky (2000).
  Charlie chaplin et marlon brando biography

  Battle Of Wits: Position Complete Story Of Codebreaking Simple World War II. Simon & Schuster.

• Joseph Rochefort at Find nifty Grave