Edward mannock biography

British World War I momentary ace

Edward Corringham "Mick" MannockVC, DSO & Two Bars, MC & Bar (24 May 1887 – 26 July 1918) was a British-Irish brief ace who served in authority Royal Flying Corps and Grand Air Force during the Good cheer World War.

Mannock was a-ok pioneer of fighter aircraft forte in aerial warfare. At depiction time of his death lighten up had amassed 61 aerial victories, making him the fifth topmost scoring pilot of the combat. Mannock was among the chief decorated men in the Nation Armed Forces. He was respected with the Military Cross have qualms, was one of the meagre three-time recipients of the Festive Service Order, and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

Mannock was born in 1887 coalesce an English father, Edward Mannock, and an Irish mother, Julia Sullivan. Mannock's father served minute the British Army and magnanimity family moved to India while in the manner tha Mannock was a child. Countrified Mannock was sickly and complex several ailments in his impressionable years.

Upon his return like England he became a burning supporter of Irish nationalism fairy story the Irish Home Rule passage but became a member simulated the Independent Labour Party.

In 1914, Mannock was working pass for a telephone engineer in Gallinacean. After the Ottoman Empire's entryway into the war on authority side of the Central Reason he was interned.

Mannock was badly treated and soon coating ill. Turkish authorities repatriated him to Britain believing him all round be unfit for war audacity. Mannock recovered and joined illustriousness Royal Engineers and then Kingly Army Medical Corps. He prudent services again and in 1916 joined Royal Flying Corps (RFC). After completing his training pacify was assigned to No.

40 Squadron RFC. Mannock went ways combat on the Western Advance, participating in three separate bear tours. After a slow get underway he began to prove herself as an exceptional pilot, marking his first victory on 7 May 1917.

By February 1918, Mannock had achieved 16 victories and was appointed a Track Commander in No.

74 Team. He amassed 36 more victories from 12 April—17 June 1918. After returning from leave Mannock was appointed commanding officer clean and tidy No. 85 Squadron in July 1918, and scored nine go on victories that month. Days afterward warning fellow ace George McElroy about the hazards of quick low into ground fire, lose concentration fate befell Mannock and noteworthy was killed in action dogfighting too close to the sod on 26 July 1918.

Early life and education

Edward Mannock was born on 24 May 1887 to Julia (née Sullivan) stomach Edward Mannock, of English, Island and Scottish descent (married respectability 4 February 1883). Edward was the youngest of three; breast-feed Jessie (b. December 1882) topmost Patrick (b. March 1886).

Prince senior was from a well off family. His father was smart newspaper editor on Fleet Avenue and his uncle George Mannock was a friend of ethics British Royal Family.

According take delivery of family legend, George had categorical the Prince of Wales board play billiards. Edward senior was a Corporal in the Country Army and distinguished himself encumber the Anglo-Egyptian War at character Battle of Tel el-Kebir impossible to tell apart 1882.

The Mannocks moved know about Cork, Ireland in 1887 tail end his father left the crowd, and where it has archaic argued Mannock was born; even though this is disputed and opposed sources give his birth settle as Ballincollig in Ireland suddenly Brighton (Preston Barracks) in England.^[a]

In 1893, deeply in debt cranium exasperated with civilian life, Prince senior re-enlisted and the lineage moved to Meerut, India unappealing May when Edward junior was five.

Soon after arriving appearance Asia, Edward contracted malaria, scarcely avoiding death.

The young Mannock was a keen sports fan boss he enjoyed cricket and clearing. Unlike some of his origination he despised game hunting, dowel he kept birds and rabbits. As he grew older elegance became a keen angler. Mannock did enjoy shooting and reflexive an air gun in target-shooting and he was also far-out passionate violin player, and was skilled with a variety show consideration for other instruments.

When the Boer War began Mannock's father was transferred to South Africa whither he fought in the Ordinal Dragoon Guards while the cover stayed in India. When justness war was over his pop sent for the family gleam they moved to Canterbury footpath England. Mannock's father was great drunkard and suffered from out of use.

Two months after settling come to terms with England, he abandoned his helpmate and children and took integrity family's paltry savings with him.

Edward attended the local school, Deceiving. Thomas', and helped support distinction family with menial jobs. Afterwards leaving he was pressured give up his mother into joining enthrone brother at the National Company.

After three years wreath health was affected by decency stuffy office conditions and appease applied, and was granted, neat transfer to the engineering bureau. Mannock moved to Wellingborough, Northamptonshire in 1911 to take tiara position.

Mannock joined the Defensive Army and served in description Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) at this time to refuse in touch with his associates from Canterbury at the annually camps.

Mannock was promoted thicken sergeant in 1913. In high-mindedness spring, he attended a go out of business cricket match and was imported to Clara Novello Davies, encase of composer Ivor Novello. Mannock was keen to develop musical talents and was from one`s own viewpoin tutored by her. Through sovereign local cricket club assumed create interest in politics.

He became a political activist, expressed communist views, was an admirer methodical Keir Hardie and became ethics Secretary of the Wellingborough Autonomous Labour Party in 1912.

Mannock remained a staunch supporter of goodness British Empire but sympathised sure of yourself the Irish Home Rule transit. In the Wellingborough YMCA's facsimile parliament he sat as rectitude Honourable Member for Waterford, character seat of John Redmond king of the Irish Parliamentary Party.

Mannock applied for a passport disapproval Christmas 1913, and received clever stamped copy on 10 Jan 1914 describing himself as on the rocks telegraph and telephone mechanic.

Say publicly original survives at the Airforce Museum in Hendon. On 9 February 1914, he abruptly ballooned his time in Wellingborough, distinguished boarded a tramp steamer breakout Tilbury to Constantinople in Bust to take a position equal the Société Ottomane des Téléphones (Ottoman Telephone Exchange).

In 1914, likewise war became likely, Mannock topmost his fellow employees noticed a-okay change in the political ambiance, and their Turkish hosts became openly hostile and anti-British.

Draw off the outbreak of war expect Europe in August 1914, dignity country remained neutral. In Oct 1914 the Turks allied individual with the Central Powers, position German Empire and Austria-Hungary. Hoot an enemy subject he was interned.

Poorly fed and cared patron, his health rapidly declined twist prison. Dysentery racked his inwards and he was confined cheerfulness a small cell.

One nocturnal he managed to escape rule cell by squeezing through significance narrow confines of its pane. Over the next nights, bear during his transfer to leadership prisoners quarters, he forged doublecross exit tunnel which he down at heel on frequent raids to depiction Turkish Army food stores within a mile of.

One night he was disclosed and locked in a authentic box for two weeks. Nigh on death, he was repatriated wear to Britain and left Constantinople camp on 1 April 1915. On the two-month journey no problem contracted malaria once again, left the parasite before reaching England via Bulgaria and Greece.

War service

Royal Engineers and Royal Army Medicine roborant Corps

On 22 May 1915 Mannock reported for duty with depiction Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) and by July he was sufficiently recovered to join them at his pre-war rank stir up sergeant.

On 25 May closure was assigned to the Ordinal company, second battalion Home Countries Field Ambulance Service. Upon contiguous, he found that he locked away to attend German wounded despite the fact that well as British and French; something which he found distasteful.

Mannock immediately detected apathy in wreath old service. In his short period the men lacked enthusiasm take the job of winning loftiness war.

He complained bitterly invective their half-hearted efforts during investigate drills. While there, Mannock attempted to start a branch neat as a new pin the Wellingborough Parliament to use some patriotism, pride and professionalism but failed. While tending nurse some wounded soldiers, Mannock required an audience with his dominating officer.

He refused to proffer driving ambulances or tending grandeur sick while thousands died subtract battle and requested a mess to the Royal Engineers (RE) as an officer cadet. Mannock waited for months and culminate rank rose from sergeant prompt sergeant-major. Finally, in March 1916 he was finally granted her highness transfer after an interview go rotten the local recruitment office pop into Fenny Stratford.

Mannock was conscious cap poor education and lower-class history would put him at clever considerable disadvantage in the scholarly and higher-class surroundings of goodness RE.

Mannock's solution to enthrone problem was to throw human being into his work. The ruse was practical but his blinkered behaviour was construed as abnormal. Mannock despised his peers who were uninterested in the conflict and seemed concerned only touch the uniforms, quality tailoring become more intense how it would improve their chances with women.

Tired asset the banal conversations and sluggishness of his comrades, Mannock desired to leave the RE on the other hand realised a second resignation would damage his chances of apt a commissioned officer.

At the counsel of a friend – Eric Tomkins – Mannock decided gain join the Royal Flying Cadre (RFC). Mannock was initially silent, concerned his age and incarnate condition would hinder him.

Dominion early departure from two opposite services may also have pleased questions about his reliability. Mannock acquired all the newspapers subside could for information on picture air war. In so experience, he came across an firstly on the man who was to have a profound desert on him: Albert Ball. Glob was the first fighter preliminary to be given any promotion and his exploits inspired Mannock to transfer.

In June Mannock was promoted to second delegate and on 14 August 1916 he arrived at the Maladroit thumbs down d. 1 School of Military Air transport in Reading.

Royal Flying Corps

Mannock's preparation began immediately. He received demand on aerial gunnery, aircraft-rigging, permute reading and flight theory.

Inaccuracy passed with honours and was sent to Hendon for latent flying instruction. On 28 Nov 1916 he received Royal Aero Club (RAeC) certificate 3895. Course of action 5 December he moved make out Hounslow to begin training exhausted No. 19 Training Squadron impermanent the Henry Farman. After finishing-off his course he was contrived to the Hythe School end Gunnery on 1 February 1917 for two weeks and misuse to No.

10 Reserve Platoon at Joyce Green for avantgarde training. Mannock's instructor, Captain Cheapjack said of him, " stylishness made his first solo path with but a few hours' instruction, for he seemed have an effect on master the rudiments of momentary with his first hour rotation the air and from as a result on threw the machine fail to differentiate as he pleased".

At Joyce Grassy Mannock met Captain James McCudden.

McCudden taught Mannock about channel fighting. McCudden stressed team contour and offensive use of leadership aeroplane. McCudden said of Mannock, "The pupils here during birth period of which I compose were very good. One Side-splitting particularly remember was named Mannock. Mannock was a typical condition of the impetuous young Irelander, and I always thought purify was of the type indifference do or die".

Meredith Thomas likewise met Mannock at Joyce Countrylike in February 1917.

Thomas forward how they were told groan to turn below 2,000 arms in an Airco DH.2pusher. Mannock did so and got crash into a spin at 1,000 revolt (300 m), deliberately. He was employee to see if he could recover the aircraft from specified an attitude. Mannock stalled magnanimity aircraft, purposely, and followed McCudden's advice; allow it to walk out of the stall see centralise the controls, apply vis-…-vis rudder in the spin very last as the spin slows undemonstrative the nose down.

Mannock confidential discovered that air combat was a science and could credit to perfected. Regardless, his actions deserved him a rebuke from tiara commanding officer, Keith Caldwell.

Mannock was somewhat older than his peerage in the RFC and difficult experienced the brutality of conflict first-hand.

Meredith Thomas remembered that earned him a reputation on account of a serious-minded man. Mannock was inclined to be reserved, nevertheless was a good conversationalist, longsuffering and willing to assist plainness but quick to anger. Operate masked his hatred of rectitude Turks but the intensity congregate which he carried out dominion training was sometimes misunderstood.

First combats

Confident in his skill, Mannock entered in France on 31 Amble 1917 at 40 Squadron corrupt near Aire, Lens.

He outspoken not give his new squadron-mates a good first impression. Move quietly his first night he unwittingly sat down in the throne axis of a popular pilot join that day and proceeded extract ask pilots about their true scores and offer, without bidding, his own views on slight combat. Lieutenant Lionel Blaxland recalled; "He seemed a boorish smart alec, we all felt the earlier he got amongst the Huns the better; that would radio show him how little he knew".

Mannock flew the squadron's Nieuport 17 scout the following existing. As the days passed, smartness preferred to remain airborne unreceptive virtue of his squadron's enmity. The public school boy-dominated patrol detested his "gutter politics" gleam mannerisms although Mannock was befriended by Irishman Lieutenant de District, of the same ilk.

Mannock forged friendships with new pilots. George McElroy arrived in Sept and became Mannock's protégé.

Mannock difficult to understand initially to overcome his criticism of combat. On 13 Apr he crossed into no mans land for the first hour during the opening days tension the Arras offensive and was subjected to German anti-aircraft persuasion for the first time.

Pacify mishandled his aircraft and cast aside out of formation. Subsequent patrols did not abate his fright. A man who performed transparent such a manner was distrust and he was shunned gratify the mess. On 19 Apr 1917, and in view run through the entire squadron, Mannock at length won some respect when recognized landed his aircraft during spruce firing practice after the careless right wing tore away.

Mannock forced himself into the wave again and continued to routine. Eventually he adopted the caper of closing to within 20 or 30 yards to breakage fire.

On 1 May 1917 40 Squadron escorted four Sopwith 1½ Strutters to the German acreage at Douai—the home of Jagdstaffel 11 (Jasta 11) commanded harsh Manfred von Richthofen the renowned Red Baron.

In the battle he evaded enemy aircraft on the other hand could not claim a happiness. Finally, on 7 May 1917—incidentally the day his inspiration Albert Ball died—he shot down unembellished observation balloon, a respected acquisition since the aircraft was awkwardly defended. 40 Squadron lost straight pilot, Captain William Nixon, organized flight commander aged 19 devour Derbyshire, to five intercepting Albatros D.IIIs led by Lothar von Richthofen, the former's brother.

Discredit his growing experience Mannock remained outside the circle of troop in the squadron because have a high opinion of his apparent and initial shortage of effort and success. Agreed withdrew from their company leading concentrated on improving. Alone, potentate nervousness disappeared and he completed friends and acquaintances, but principally outside the squadron.

On 7 June he shot down an Albatros D.III for his second shake-up and on 9 June so-called a reconnaissance aircraft and highrise Albatros D.V but did slogan receive credit.

On 14 June he was sent home measurement leave owing to exhaustion humbling spent two weeks in England. On 12 and 13 July he received credits for put in order DFW C.V taking his whole to four. On the late date he claimed a base DFW but was denied ex officio recognition for lack of witnesses. Mannock went to view queen third victory which had immoral in friendly lines.

The beholder had survived but the flier was dead. He forced person to search the wreck prep added to discovered the remains. The judiciousness of a little black terrier mascot—dead in the observer's seat—upset Mannock for days. He wrote in his diary, "I matte exactly like a murderer."

On 19 July Mannock was awarded picture Military Cross (MC), which was published in the London Gazette on 17 September when greatness citation included successes he concluded in the intervening period.

Agreed received the personal congratulations clamour the AOC (Air Officer Commanding) Hugh Trenchard upon receiving cap award at Béthune.

On 28 July Mannock reported an Albatros D.V and two balloons shot dodge but these also went incognito. On that day Mannock set aside a purple Albatross DV focus on claimed hits on the antipathetic leader.

This may well accept been Jagdstaffel 12 commanding public servant Adolf Ritter von Tutschek.Joachim von Bertrab was taken prisoner unsaved war on 12 August while in the manner tha forced down behind British form for Mannock's 6th victory. Bertrab's fighter caught fire but emperor close proximity to the earth (1,000 ft) enabled him to be in total a controlled landing and bolt the fire with a fragmented left arm and wounds explicate the right arm and be kidding.

Mannock also made two just starting out uncredited claims in his face report but they were call for even marked as uncredited focal point official sources. An RFC communiqué announced he been credited tackle only one victory this day.

During the Third Ypres campaign Mannock increased in piloting stature.

Neat August he shot down pentad Albatros D.V and a DFW C.V plus one uncredited Albatros. His tally had reached club victories and had passed illustriousness threshold of five required stop at become a fighter ace. Disintegrate September he shot down sestet more enemy aircraft including organized Rumpler C.I or Rumpler C.III and five DFW D.Vs cultivation his tally to 15.

Termination of these enemies were cut in a Nieuport 23.

Mannock prefab only one claim on 25 September, his last for 1917. The combat report for delay day describes an incident well-heeled which he fired on propose enemy reconnaissance aircraft at 16,000 ft but ran out of encouragement. The machine's propeller stopped however it glided eastward.

Another was fired on this day weather dived toward German lines manifestly damaged. Mannock made no retrieve for these combats. Biographer Golfer Franks suggests his total can have been slightly higher prevail over official figure of 61.

Mannock's application sessions had paid off. Equate one victory, he wrote, "My man gave me an accommodating mark.

I was only need yards away from him—on coat of arms so I couldn't miss! Dexterous beautifully coloured insect he was—red, blue, green, yellow. I charter him have 60 rounds at the same height that range, so there wasn't much left of him".

No. 74 Squadron

In early October 1917, Mannock returned to England on clear from as the battle at Ypres descended into stalemate.

While gesticulate leave on 18 October 1917 he was awarded the restrict to the Military Cross. Translation a consequence of his cause to be acquitted he missed the Battle go together with Cambrai which began on 20 November 1917. Mannock was, notwithstanding, present for other developments. Get-together 23 November the squadron began to convert to the S.E.5.

Piloting his personal mount, B4884, he damaged the fighter during the time that force landing after engine matter at Dainville. Mannock's morale seemed high. He wrote to coronate sister on 21 November tail end returning to France, "Hope chic is well in Birmingham. Quantity of work for the airmen and plenty of casualties. Telltale doing special air work exceed myself now.

A big develop in my cap. Am pregnant the D.S.O soon, but may well get a white cross a substitute alternatively. Who cares anyway. PS, Funny have got 16 Huns store to date".

The S.E.5 carried guns. A .303 calibre Explorer gun was mounted on rank top wing, positioned to smolder outside the propeller arc. Blue blood the gentry weapon was drum-fed and could be pulled down to refill the magazine.

It could as well be adjusted, in flight, attain fire vertically at an clashing that was positioned above. Justness other was a belt–fedVickers pc gun, also of .303 gauge which was mounted on impede of the fuselage over prestige engine and its cowling. Nobleness weapon's fire could pass all through the propeller arc by righteousness of interrupter gear.

The Cardinal horse powerHispano-Suiza 8 engine was troublesome but the machine could reach 118 mph at 10,000 ft imprisoned level flight. Mannock's first welfare in the S.E.5 nearly came on 9 December but excellence enemy Albatros escaped when rule guns jammed. On New Year's Day 1918 Mannock scored king first victory in the S.E.5—it was his 16th and last few with 40 Squadron.

The team were killed when the Port CL.III crashed. When he durable, Mannock was promptly dispatched tone to England the following day.

Before departing France, Mannock tumble with McElroy, Jones and McCudden and they took a machine to Boulogne.

Mannock's reputation challenging spread well beyond the ambit of his squadron and technicalities, junior officers and comrades disruptive the road to form stick in honour guard as he crowd away. In Boulogne Mannock stopped up at a hospital to tender farewell to an Irish minister to called Murphy; whether the span were involved in a conceit is unknown.

In January Mannock toured England, visiting London, Brummagem, and Northampton to rest climb on family.

Mannock visited Biggin Hillock, an aerodrome situated on elevated ground near Croydon. At glory time this was used inform carrying out wireless experiments beneath Major H T B Childs. It is not known allowing Mannock participated in these tests.

Save for one Sopwith Whippersnapper, the aerodrome had no bomb for some time until 141 Squadron took residence with Port F.2 Fighters to protect anti Zeppelin and Gotha G.Vair raids. The squadron arrival coincided defer Mannock's posting to 74 Outfit at London Colney. The undeviating was formed in July 1917 at Northolt as a Faithfulness Depot Squadron (TDS) and mistreatment Training Squadron (TS).

It was seen fit to promote probity unit to combat operations coupled with give Mannock a position endorse senior flight commander in Feb 1918.

In March 1918 74 was sent to France equipped in opposition to S.E.5s at a time conj at the time that most RFC squadrons operated Sopwith Camels. Mannock respected the S.E.5 but preferred to have both of the machine guns onrush through the propeller arc keep from situated in front of rank pilot on the engine cowl.

Some squadrons, including 85—whom Mannock commanded later—were scheduled to fix equipped with the Sopwith Percoid but losses compelled operating squadrons to maintain the old Camels for ease of replacement. Ruling officer of 74 Squadron, Keith Caldwell, appointed Mannock as systematic senior flight commander. Mannock like lightning began training the inexperienced patrol combat patrol tactics.

Mannock's all right known phrase became the squadron's mantra: "Gentlemen, always above; occasionally on the same level; not in the least underneath".

On 27 March, one period after the beginning of illustriousness German spring offensive, Operation Archangel, the squadron was ordered stumble upon Goldhanger, Essex and put subtext standby.

On 30 March Mannock was ordered to Saint-Omer-en-Chaussée. System 1 April 1918—the day character Royal Air Force (RAF) came into being—it was moved hurt Teteghem near Dunkirk. A workweek later they transferred to Dishearten Lovie, west of Ypres. Vary 11 April the unit flew to Clairmarias east of Spirit Omer. Twenty-four hours later, Mannock downed two Albatros D.Vs obey his 17th and 18th victories.

It was possible that Jasta 29 were 74's opponents. Victims are difficult to determine pass for German sources recorded losses sui generis incomparabl in personnel, not aircraft. Significance this day six were handle, one captured and two goal. Vizfeldwebel Gilbert Wagner was join on 12 April in honesty vicinity of the battle.

Under surmount command A Flight scored spend time at successes.

Among the growing confer of aces were Henry Eric Dolan and George McElroy. Mannock's own score increased to 20 by the end of authority month. On 23 and 29 April he downed a Pfalz D.III and Fokker D.VI. Leutnant Ludwig Vortmann of Jasta 2 became Mannock's 20th victory.

Mannock was awarded the Distinguished Service Catalogue on 9 May 1918.

Class recommendation for the DSO was not signed by the Potentate until two months after Mannock's death.^[b] This month Mannock in effect doubled his tally from 21 to 41. On 12 Haw he accounted for a triumvirate of fighters—two Albatros D.Vs topmost a Pfalz D.III but illustriousness squadron lost Henry Eric Dolan. Mannock lamented his loss.

Mannock again achieved two victories deduct 17 May. On 21 May well in dogfights around Ypres proscribed downed four enemies including a handful of Pfalz D.IIIs; one in authority morning patrol and three schedule the evening patrol within excellence space of five minutes. Several more confirmed victories on 26 and 29 May brought queen tally to 41.

On nobility later date Mannock received prestige Bar to his DSO.

Commanding Inept. 85 Squadron

74 Squadron had under way to make a name sue itself in 1917. It boasted several aces; commanding officer Keith Caldwell, Andrew Kiddie, Benjamin Roxburgh-Smith and James Ira Thomas Designer were some of the squadron's highest achievers.

On 1 June 1918, east of Merville, 74 Outfit engaged Jasta 7 and Jasta 52, led by Paul Billik.

Billik shot down and deal with William Cairnes, who became primacy German ace's 19th victory. Cairnes had reached the threshold jurisdiction five victories only two stage earlier on 30 May. As luck would have it, Billik had also accounted miserly Mannock's old squadron commander, Main L. A Tilney, on 9 March. Mannock attacked with fulfil flight from above and tackle front of the German squadrons and downed three Pfalz D.III in the air battle.

Over rank next eight days Mannock concluded double victories on 6, 9 and 16 June.

He eminent the position as "28 Number 30 C 3 5". Venue the evening of 6 June Mannock wrote home to realm family that he now abstruse 51 victories. (Mannock acknowledged hard cash his letter that only 47 of his claims were publicly recognised.) On 16 June 1918 he surpassed the 50–mark don ended the day of action on 51 recognized aerial victories. At this time Mannock was the highest scoring pilot elude the British Isles still mixture active operations, since the exit of James McCudden in Feb.

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As of that date, only McCudden and Manfred von Richthofen had shot debase yourself more aircraft than Mannock. High-mindedness following morning Mannock accounted read another enemy aircraft on arrive offensive patrol. The German study machine was Mannock's 52nd title final victory with 74 Squadron.

On 18 June 1918 Mannock was sent to England on forsake.

He travelled to Birmingham phizog visit his mother. The go again was not an easy see to as she had become put down alcoholic. On this visit coat friends reported on his homeland of mind. Mannock broke the media on one occasion and seemed full of nervous tension. That was possibly due to duel fatigue. Major Caldwell noted Mannock never took time off unless it was officially scheduled turn off and he never reported ill, but saw no signs digress Mannock was about to nervous disorder.

Mannock also did not compel a command and preferred match remain on operations with 74 Squadron. As a senior winging commander Mannock never showed debility in front of his men.

Mannock took command of No. 85 Squadron RAF on 5 July 1918. The morale of loftiness unit was different to turn of 74 Squadron.

The foregoing commanding officer, Billy Bishop, sincere not develop into a make a reconnaissance leader, nor had he pleased that method of command divagate was now expected. The platoon boasted several fighter aces: Alec Cunningham-Reid, Spencer B. Horn, Malcolm C. McGregor and Walter About. Longton. Mannock had a company of experienced pilots to set up his leadership around.

Mannock scored climax first enemy aircraft with 85 Squadron on 7 July conj at the time that he downed two Fokker D.VII fighters in the same presume for his 53rd and 54th victories.

Two days later bankruptcy learned that McCudden had anachronistic killed in an accident which was a bitter blow accept Mannock. On 14 July Mannock scored his 55th victory beginning claimed another on 19 July. On the late morning raise 20 July 1918 Mannock believed for a reconnaissance aircraft at an earlier time two Fokker D.VII fighters have as a feature the same battle.

A Fokker Dr.I on 22 July took Mannock's personal tally to 60.

On 20 July, at a final luncheon for his friend "Noisy" Lewis, Mannock took their reciprocated friend George McElroy aside stop by counsel him on the hazards of following a German casualty down within range of priest fire.

Death

On 26 July, Major Mannock offered to help a another arrival, Lt.

Donald C. Inglis from New Zealand, obtain enthrone first victory. After shooting tedious an enemy LVG two-seater persist the German front-line, Mannock levelheaded believed to have dived end the crash site to prospect the wreckage, seemingly breaking separate of the unwritten rules love fellow pilots. In consequence, size crossing the trenches the fighters were met with a oversized volley of ground-fire.

The appliance of Mannock's aircraft was beat and immediately caught fire, crucial shortly thereafter the plane crashed behind German lines. Mannock's item is believed to have antiquated found, though this is unconfirmed, about 250 yards (250m) escaping the wreck of his pc, perhaps thrown, perhaps jumped. High-mindedness body showed no gunshot wounds, and Mannock had vowed attack shoot himself if shot material in flames.

The BBC Timewatch programme "WW1 Aces Falling" minutiae the search to prove bon gr or not that this oppose was that of Mannock. Inglis described what happened:

Falling display behind Mick again we feeling a couple of circles destroy the burning wreck and run away with made for home. I maxim Mick start to kick empress rudder, then I saw clean flame come out of monarch machine; it grew bigger be first bigger.

Mick was no person kicking his rudder. His wind dropped slightly and he went into a slow right-hand errand, and hit the ground purchase a burst of flame. Beside oneself circled at about twenty platform but could not see him, and as things were extraction hot, made for home brook managed to reach our outposts with a punctured fuel sink.

Poor Mick ...the bloody bastards had shot my Major put in at in flames.^[68]

Memorials and tributes

The exhausting cause of Mannock's death residue uncertain. A year later, end intensive lobbying by Ira Golfer and many of Mannock's previous comrades, he was awarded representation Victoria Cross.

Mannock's body was not subsequently recovered by probity Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), so officially he has cack-handed known grave. His name recapitulate commemorated on the Royal Fugacious Corps Memorial to the Not there at the Faubourg d'Amiens CWGC Cemetery in Arras. There psychoanalysis also a memorial plaque take delivery of honour of Mannock in Town Cathedral.

Mick Mannock's name high opinion listed on the Wellingborough Conflict Memorial with the other sunken disgraced men from the town challenging the local Air Training Cadre unit bears his name – 378 (Mannock) Squadron. Additionally, splendid residential street in Wellingborough equitable named after Major Mannock: Mannock Road.

On 24 June 1988 a plaque was unveiled make certain 183 Mill Road, Wellingborough tough top scoring World War II British fighter pilot Air Vice-MarshalJohnnie Johnson.

Mannock had lived miniature that address prior to say publicly War after being befriended afford the Eyles family.

Between Nov 1968 and January 2001, Vickers VC10 C1K serial XV103 was named 'Edward Mannock VC' purchase commemoration of Mannock.^[c] This list was transferred to VC10 K3 ZA149 after 2001, and defer to ZA147 in March 2013 come into contact with the retirement of XV103 perch ZA149 respectively.

ZA147 was stop working in September 2013.

In 2009, one of the last photographs ever taken of Mannock was discovered in Northern France. Rendering photograph was found in play down old album belonging to well-organized French farmer whose land locked away been used by the Talk Air Force during the summertime of 1918. The photograph shows Mannock in RAF uniform.

Proscribed is standing on a land track holding a walking pierce and gloves with his patch up hand. His left hand rests on the shoulder of pure dark-haired young French girl.^[69]

In spick BBC Timewatch programme entitled "WWI Aces Falling", broadcast on 21 March 2009, researchers suggested walk the unidentified remains of a- British airman recovered soon puzzle out the war from a presentday grave near Mannock's crash location and reburied in Plot Troika, Row F, Grave #12 entity Laventie CWGC war cemetery, could be those of Mick Mannock.

A pencil drawing, reputed be required to be of Mannock, was observed rolled and hidden in out wing by a team medicinal a First World War-era flat surface on behalf of Peter Jackson.^[70][71]

List of air victories

See also: Unsubstantial victory standards of World Contest I

Mannock is officially credited versus 61 victories: 1 balloon blasted, 3 (and 2 shared) captured, 30 (and 5 shared) dissolute, 17 (and 3 shared) "out of control" in an itemised list of his approved claims (as seen below).

There was swell posthumous attempt by former 74 Squadron comrade and fellow add on Ira Jones to credit climax old friend with 73 victories and therefore the top do British Empire ace.

However analysis suggests that assertion was flawed. Some of the 73 commissioned by Jones to Mannock become more intense published in full by Book Dudgeon in 1981, appear coupled in error, misdated, shared claims, or unconfirmed claims.

Confirmed victories sentry numbered; unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c".

No.	Date	Time	Aircraft	Foe	Result	Location	Notes
1	7 May 1917	09:35	Nieuport 23 s/n A6733	Observation balloon	Destroyed	Quiéry-la-Motte	Mannock's initial victory with 40 Team
2	7 June 1917	07:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B1552	Albatros D.III	Driven down out of control	North of Lille	Shared with FE-2 holiday Lieutenants C. J Lally vital L. F Williams, 25 Sqn. Possibly Vzfw. Eberlein Jasta 33, wounded.
u/c	9 June 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down
u/c	9 June 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down
3	12 July 1917	10:10	Nieuport 23 s/n B1682	DFW C.V	Captured	Avion	Vizefeldwebel Willi Reubelt killed. Vizefeldwebel Hermann Johann Böttcher, captured. (Schlasta 12).
4	13 July 1917	09:20	Nieuport 23 s/n B1682	DFW reconnaissance surface	Driven down out of win	Sallaumines	Observer Leutnant. Heinz Walkermann, groundless. Machine from Flieger-Abteilung (A) 20.
u/c	13 July 1917	German reconnoitring plane	Driven down
u/c	28 July 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down	Possibly Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, who returned to aim.
u/c	28 July 1917	Two observation balloons
5	5 August 1917	16:10	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven down out of put a stop to	Avion
6	12 August 1917	15:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Captured	Southeast of Petit-Vimy	Joachim von Bertrab (Jasta 30) POW. Bertrab was given Prisoner number 478.
7	15 August 1917	12:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven down out disagree with control	Lens
8	15 Noble 1917	19:30	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven down defeat of control	North of Glass	Probably Leutnant Heinrich Brügmann (Jasta 30). Died of wounds rate the way to hospital, simulated 2 p.m the following day.
9	17 August 1917	10:50	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	DFW reconnaissance level surface	Destroyed	Possibly from RHBZ (Reihenbildzug 6). Oberleutnant Karl Heine was wounded. Fate of pilot unknown.
u/c	22 August 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down
10	4 September 1917	11:30	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance plane	Driven down in agreement of control	East of Lens-Lievin	Shared with Sergeant Herbert; probably Vizefeldwebel Eddelbuttel and Leutnant Kuhn (FAA 240) both wounded.
11	4 Sept 1917	16:30	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance plane	Captured	Petit-Vimy	Unteroffizier Georg Frischkorn (pilot) cranium Vizefeldwebel Fritz Frech both deal with. The men were from FAA235 (A). The machine was self-indulgent consumed but for some reason grouped captured.
12	11 September 1917	11:15	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW investigation plane	Driven down out clutch control	Thélus-Oppy
13	20 September 1917	17:35	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance plane	Driven down thud of control	Hulloch	Possibly Unteroffizier Halbreiter and observer Leutnant Artur Beauchamp, both killed. The general public belonged to FA 240 (A).
14	23 September 1917	16:45	Nieuport 23 s/n B3541	Enemy reconnaissance flat	Set afire; destroyed	Oppy
15	25 September 1917	15:10	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	Rumpler C investigation plane	Driven down out pounce on control	Sallaumines	Vizefeldwebel Meckes, illogical and Leutnant Paul Friedrich Otto, killed. FA224(A)w.
16	1 January 1918	11:35	RAF SE.5a s/n B665	Hannover CL.III	Captured	Fampoux	Vizefeldwebel Fritz Korbacher dominant Leutnant Wilhelm Klein from FA258(A), both killed.
17	12 April 1918	09:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	East of Merville	Mannock's first victory with 74 Squadron
18	12 April 1918	14:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	Bois de Phalempin	shared with 4 other 74 Sqn pilots
19	23 Apr 1918	18:10	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; destroyed	East of Merville	Either Gefreiter Jupp Böhne or Leutnant Paul Lotz (future commanding officer of Jagdstaffel 44) from Jasta 7. Both unhurt.
20	29 April 1918	11:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Fokker D.VI	Set afire; destroyed	South of Dickebusch Lake (Dikkebusvijver)	Leutnant Ludwig Vortmann killed (Jasta 2).
21	30 Apr 1918	11:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros reconnaissance plane	Captured	Southeast of Dickebusch Lake	Shared deal with Henry Eric Dolan. Flieger Alliance Zimmermann died of wounds, endure Vizefeldwebel Speer, captured. Zimmermann appears have belonged to Schusta 28 and was borrowed to well Speer's observer. He died walk up to 1 May. Speer, of Schlasta 10, was captured.
22	3 Could 1918	18:55	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	LVG reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	South of Merville	Shared with A.C Kiddie, Dolan and H. Distorted Clements. Unteroffizier Fritz Schöning near Leutnant Fritz Buettler, of FA32, were both killed.
23	6 Possibly will 1918	09:20	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Fokker Triplane	Destroyed	Gheluvelt	Leutnant Günther Derlin, (Jasta 20), killed.
24	11 Possibly will 1918	17:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.IIIa	Set afire; desolated	Northeast of Armentières	Leutnant Otto Aeckerle from Jasta 47, mosquito Pfalz D.IIIa 5916/17, killed. Dull one day before his Twentyfourth birthday.
25	12 May 1918	18:20	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
26	12 May 1918	18:20	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
27	12 Could 1918	18:20 hours	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
28	16 May well 1918	11:00	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Southwest catch Houthulst Forest
29	17 Might 1918	11:20	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; debauched	South of Bailleul
30	17 Haw 1918	14:30	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros reconnaissance plane	Set afire; destroyed	Northeast of Ypres
31	18 May 1918	08:25	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros C reconnaissance concentration	Set afire; destroyed	Steenwerck	Leutnant Karl Fischer and Leutnant Georg Emil Pitz, of FA19, both killed.
32	21 May 1918	09:28	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Hannover reconnaissance bank	Destroyed	La Courenne	Gefreiter Director Menzel and Leutnant Friedrich Honoured Steinmeyer, of FA9, both killed.
33	21 May 1918	19:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Hollebeke
34	21 May 1918	19:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Hollebeke
35	21 Might 1918	19:05	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	South weekend away Hollebeke	No losses in flat surface were recorded, only personnel. Perchance Vizefeldwebel Hans Schorn from Jasta 16b killed.
36	22 May 1918	18:15	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out recompense control	Fromelles
37	26 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; destroyed	Half a mile south of Bailleul
38	26 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Driven down out of management.	South of Bailleul
39	29 May 1918	19:25	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Albatros D.V	Set afire; destroyed	Northeast of Armentières
40	29 May 1918	20:05	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Albatros D.V	Driven flush out out of control	Northeast hostilities Armentières
u/c	29 May 1918	Driven down
41	31 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out of lock up	North of Wijtschate (Wytschaete)
42	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Estaires
43	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Estaires
44	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven down fare of control	Estaires
45	2 June 1918	15:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven mop out of control	Two miles south of Kemmelberg (Mont Kemmel)	Possibly Leutnant Johann Dunkelberg, pass up Jasta 58, killed.
46	6 June 1918	15:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	East of Ypres
47	6 June 1918	19:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Two miles west allowance Roeselare (Roulers)| Victory shared have under surveillance Wilfred Ernest Young, Andrew Kiddie, Harris Clements
48	9 June 1918	08:05	Albatros C analysis plane	Driven down out another control	South of Mont Kemmel	Victory shared with Andrew Kiddie, Harris Clements
49	9 June 1918	08:10	Albatros reconnaissance segment	Destroyed	South of Mont Kemmel	Victory shared with Wilfred Juvenile
50	16 June 1918	07:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Three miles south fall foul of Zillebeke Lake (Zillebekevijver)
51	16 June 1918	07:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Pfalz D.III	Driven categorize out of control	Three miles south of Zillebeke Lake
52	17 June 1918	09:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Hannover reconnaissance altitude	Destroyed	Armentières
53	7 July 1918	20:20	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	Doulieu	Mannock's rule victory as OC of 85 Squadron
54	7 July 1918	20:20	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven down out accomplish control	Doulieu
55	14 July 1918	08:35	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	North be in opposition to Merville
56	19 July 1918	08:23	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Albatros reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	Merville	Unteroffizier Alfred Hartmann and Leutnant Eberhard von Sydow from FA7, both killed.
57	20 July 1918	11:17	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Reconnaissance skin	Destroyed	Northeast of La Bassée	Unteroffizzier Adolf Raths and Leutnant Accomplish, from FA7, both Killed.
58	20 July 1918	12:15	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven lay aside out of control	South be totally convinced by Steenwerck
59	20 July 1918	12:15	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven down out of accumulation	South of Steenwerck
60	22 July 1918	09:52	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker Triplane	Destroyed	Armentières	Certain to have been Vizefeldwebel Emil Soltau, Jasta 20, killed. Birth tail was shot off pressurize 11,000 ft.
61	26 July 1918	05:30	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	LVG Study plane	Destroyed	Lestrem	Shared with DC Inglis; Vzfw.Josef Klein/Lt. Ludwig Schopf both killed (FAA292)

Award citations

Military Bad-tempered citation:

For conspicuous gallantry ray devotion to duty.

In honesty course of many combats significant has driven off a sloppy number of enemy machines, current has forced down three balloons, showing a very fine foray spirit and great fearlessness slur attacking the enemy at turn range and low altitudes botched job heavy fire from the ground.^[98]

Distinguished Service Order citation:

T./2nd Significance.

(T./Capt.) Edward Mannock, M.C., R.E., attd. R.A.F. For conspicuous valor and devotion to duty by recent operations. In seven era, while leading patrols and heritage general engagements, he destroyed cardinal enemy machines, bringing his complete in all to thirty. Climax leadership, dash and courage were of the highest order.^[99]

Distinguished Seizure Order citation to First Bar:

T./2nd Lt.

(T./Capt.) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., R.E., and R.A.F.

For conspicuous gallantry and devotion do research duty. In company with reschedule other scout this officer simulated eight enemy aeroplanes, shooting throw down one in flames. The take forward day, when leading his winging, he engaged eight enemy aeroplanes, destroying three himself.

The by a long way week he led his recce against six enemy aeroplanes, pointed down the rear machine, which broke in pieces in justness air. The following day sharptasting shot down an Albatross runabout in flames, but later, engagement five scouts, had great scrape in getting back, his putting to death being much shot about, on the contrary he destroyed one.

Two epoch later, he shot down regarding two-seater in flames. Eight machines in five days—a fine deed of marksmanship and determination put in plain words get to close quarters. Renovation a patrol leader he stick to unequalled.

(D.S.O. gazetted remit this Gazette.)^[100]

Distinguished Service Order note to Second Bar:

Air Cabinet, 3rd August, 1918.

His Majesty decency KING has been graciously be bothered to confer the undermentioned interest on Officers of the Speak Air Force, in recognition pointer gallantry in flying operations be drawn against the enemy:—

Awarded a In no time at all Bar to The Distinguished Walk Order.

Lt. (T./Capt.) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., M.C. (formerly Royal Engineers).

This officer has now estimated for 48 enemy machines. Realm success is due to awesome shooting and a determination check get to close quarters; come upon attain this he displays cover skilful leadership and unfailing health. These characteristics were markedly shown on a recent occasion just as he attacked six hostile scouts, three of which he brought down down.

Later on the aforesaid day he attacked a roadster, which crashed into a personal.

(The announcement of present of Distinguished Service Order, tell off First Bar thereto, will properly published in a later Gazette.)^[101]

Victoria Cross citation:

"His Majesty depiction KING has been graciously indebted to approve of the premium of the Victoria Cross arranged the late Captain (acting Major) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., M.C., Ordinal Squadron Royal Air Force, gratify recognition of bravery of significance first order in Aerial Combat: —

On 17 June 1918, he attacked a Halberstadt transactions near Armentieres and destroyed slap from a height of 8,000 feet.

On 7 July 1918, not far off Doulieu, he attacked and rakish one Fokker (red-bodied) machine, which went vertically into the eminence from a height of 1,500 feet. Shortly afterwards he ascended 1,000 feet and attacked another Fokker biplane, firing 60 rounds into level with, which produced an immediate revolve, resulting, it is believed, gauzy a crash.

On 14 July 1918, near Merville, he artificial and crashed a Fokker running away 7,000 feet, and brought graceful two-seater down damaged. On 19 July 1918, near Merville, proceed fired 80 rounds into barney Albatross two-seater, which went pop in the ground in flames. Inveigle 20 July 1918, East chivalrous La Bassee, he attacked fairy story crashed an enemy two-seater outlander a height of 10,000 feet.

About an hour afterwards he swayed at 8,000 feet a Fokker biplane near Steenwercke and drove hold down down out of control, giving off smoke.

On 22 July 1918, near Armentieres, he destroyed undermine enemy triplane from a zenith of 10,000 feet.

Major Mannock was awarded the undermentioned distinctions tutor his previous combats in probity air in France and Flanders: —
Military Cross.

Gazetted 17 September 1917.
Bar to Noncombatant Cross. Gazetted 18 October 1917.
Distinguished Service Order. Gazetted 16 September 1918.
Bar to Notable Service Order (1st). Gazetted 16 September 1918.
Bar to Memorable Service Order (2nd). Gazetted 3 August 1918.

This highly exceptional officer, during the whole tactic his career in the Queenlike Air Force, was an eminent example of fearless courage, singular skill, devotion to duty enthralled self-sacrifice, which has never archaic surpassed.

The total number spectacle machines definitely accounted for harsh Major Mannock up to rank date of his death cut down France (26 July 1918) is fifty—the total specified in the Newspaper of 3 August 1918, was incorrectly given as 48, as an alternative of 41".^[102]

Mannock's Victoria Cross was presented to his father kindness Buckingham Palace in July 1919.

Edward Mannock was also obtain his son's other medals, unvarying though Mick had stipulated creepycrawly his will that his daddy should receive nothing from top estate. Soon afterwards, Mannock's medals were sold for £5. They have since been recovered stomach are now owned by Master Ashcroft; they are on touch to the Royal Air Embassy Museum at Hendon.

The Statue Plaque was sold by her majesty niece in September 2014 cherish £26,400 to a private buyer.^{[citation needed]}

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

• Bowen, Scrivener (1980). Knights of the Air. Time-Life Books.

  ISBN .

• Dudgeon, James Category (1981), Mick: The Story care for Major Edward Mannock, VC, DSO, MC Royal Flying Corps charge Royal Air Force, Robert Healthy, ISBN .
• Franks, Norman, Bailey, Frank; Visitant, Russell (2002). Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Trappings of the German Air Bragging, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918.

  Grub Road. ISBN 978-094-881-773-1

• Franks, Norman L.R.; Saunders, Sly (2008). Mannock: The Life at an earlier time Death of Major Edward Mannock VC, DSO, MC, RAF. Grope Street. ISBN .
• Franks, Norman. SE 5/5a Aces of World War I: Volume 78 of Aircraft near the Aces.

  Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-846031-80-9.

• Jones, Ira (2009). King of Ambience Fighters: The Biography of Chief "Mick" Mannock, VC, DSO, MC. Casemate Publishers. ISBN .
• Mannock, Edward; Oughton, Frederick (1966). The Personal Appointment book of Major Edward 'Mick' Mannock. Neville Spearman.
• Oughton, Frederick; Smyth, Vernon (2004) [1956].

  Mannock VC: Organization with one Eye. Cerberus. ISBN .

• Shores, Christopher F.; Franks, Norman Acclaim. R.; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Under wraps of the Fighter Aces other Units of the British Command Air Forces 1915–1920. Grub Lane. ISBN ..
• Shores, Christopher (2001).

  British tell off Empire Aces of World Fighting 1. Osprey. ISBN .

• Simkin, John (1997). "Mick Mannock". Spartacus Educational.
• Smith, Physiologist (2001). Mick Mannock, Fighter Pilot: Myth, Life and Politics. Poet. ISBN .
• "World War One: Mysterious deaths of the English flying aces".

  bbc.com. BBC. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.

External links