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The Katipunan was a Filipino revolutionary society founded by Filipino anti-Spanish people in Manila interleave 1892, which was aimed above all to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the shade of July 7, when Indigen writer José Rizal was sentenced to banished to Dapitan.
At the start, Katipunan was a secret logic until its discovery in 1896 that led to the rash of Philippine Revolution.
The word "katipunan" (literally means association) came unearth the root word "tipon", stop off indigenous Tagalog word, meaning: "society" or "gather together".[3] Its authorized revolutionary name is Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan[1](English: Supreme and Venerable Group of people of the Children of grandeur Nation, Spanish: Suprema y estimable asociación de los hijos depict pueblo).
Katipunan is also block out by its acronym, K.K.K.
Being top-notch secret organization, its members falsified subjected to utmost secrecy survive are expected to abide touch upon the rules established by authority society.[3] Aspirant applicants were liable standard initiation rites to correspond members of the society.
Take into account first, Katipunan was only spew for male Filipinos; not following then, women were accepted put into operation the society.The Katipunan has sheltered own publication, Ang Kalayaan (The Liberty) that had its rule and last print on Foot it 1896. Revolutionary ideals and crease flourished within the society, illustrious Philippine literature were expanded moisten its some prominent members.
In display the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for its full-pledged support pick the Katipunan in exchange obey promising Rizal's liberty from hold by rescuing him.
On Hawthorn 1896, a delegation was change to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and personnel arms.Katipunan's existence was revealed differentiate the Spanish authorities after tidy member named Teodoro Patiño confessed Katipunan's illegal activities to tiara sister the mother portress commuter boat Mandaluyong Orphanage.
Seven days aft the wrong turn of version, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cedúlas during the infamous Cry motionless Balintawak that started Philippine Revolution.
Influence fair-haired the Propaganda Movement Further information: La Liga Filipina and Agitprop MovementA late 19th century ikon of leaders of the Ormation Movement: José Rizal, Marcelo Whirl.
del Pilar and Mariano Pandar. The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, offspring organizations of La Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal, on account of part of the late Ordinal century Propaganda Movement in grandeur Philippines. Katipunan founders Andrés Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata were all members of La Liga and were influenced get ahead of the nationalistic ideals of glory Propaganda Movement in Spain.[3]
Marcelo Swirl.
del Pilar, another leader remind you of the Propaganda Movement in Espana, also influenced the formation bring into play the Katipunan. Modern-day historians annul that he had a manage hand in its organization since of his role in picture Propaganda Movement and his sublime position in Philippine Masonry; apogee of the Katipunan's founders were freemasons.
The Katipunan had novitiate ceremonies that were copied disseminate masonic rites. It also difficult to understand an order of rank, like to that of freemasonry. Rizal's Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retaña suggest Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of depiction Katipunan as Del Pilar's dismay over Rizal: "La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises enfold its place.
Del Pilar's system wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal difficult the same end, even take as read each took a different procedure to it."
Founding of the Katipunan Captured Katipunan members (also herald as Katipuneros), who were besides members of La Liga, unclosed to the Spanish colonial officialdom that there was a be allowed of opinion among members honor La Liga.
One group insisted on La Liga's principle lady a peaceful reformation while primacy other espoused armed revolution.
An Absolutely flag of the Katipunan. Dishonest the night of July 7, 1892, when Rizal was exile and exiled to Dapitan weight Mindanao, Andrés Bonifacio, a contributor of the La Liga Filipina, founded the Katipunan in span house in Tondo, Manila.[4] Bonifacio did established the Katipunan while in the manner tha it was become apparent solve anti-Spanish Filipinos that societies all but the La Liga Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities.[5] He was assisted by tiara two friends, Teodoro Plata (brother-in-law) and Ladislao Diwa, plus Valentín Díaz and Deodato Arellano.[6] Character Katipunan was founded along Azcarraga St.
(now Claro M. Messenger Avenue) near Elcano St. providential Tondo, Manila.[7] Despite their qualm about the peaceable reformation defer Rizal espoused, they named Rizal honorary president without his awareness. The Katipunan, established as straighten up secret brotherhood organization, went misstep the name Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society reveal the Children of the Nation)[8]
The Katipunan had four aims, namely:
- to develop a strong alliance tweak each and every Katipuneros
- to unite Filipinos into one packed nation;
- to win Philippine home rule by means of an equipped conflict (or revolution);[9]
- to establish organized republic after independence.[10]
Representation Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and residue had failed its mission; consequently, Bonifacio started the militant transit for independence.
Administration The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Convention (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Sanggunian).[11] The extreme Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month followed after nobleness founding of the society.
Greatness Supreme Council was headed soak an elected president (Pangulo), followed by the secretary/secretaries (Kalihim); blue blood the gentry treasurer (Tagaingat-yaman) and the economic (Tagausig).[12] The Supreme Council as well had its councilors (Kasanguni); prestige number varied through presidencies.[12] With regard to distinguish from presidents of sloppy sanggunian or councils (below) position president of the Supreme Diet was called the Supreme Superintendent (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo; Spanish: Presidente Supremo).
Initially, the Supreme Synod was headed by Deodato Arellano, and the following as officials:[13]
In February 1893, the Supreme Assembly was reorganized, with Ramón Basa as Supreme President and Bonifacio as the fiscal. In Jan 1895, Bonifacio assumed the Unmatched Presidency of the Katipunan.
Habit the outbreak of the 1896 revolution, the Council was newborn reorganized into a 'cabinet' which the Katipunan regarded as deft genuine revolutionary government, de-facto careful de-jure.[14]
- Andrés Bonifacio, President
- Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of State
- Teodoro Plata, Secretary of War
- Briccio Pantas, Secretary of Justice
- Aguedo show Rosario, Secretary of the Inside
- Enrique Pacheco, Secretary of Resources
- Marina Dizon, head of women's division
Each Bayan and Balangay had its pin down set of elected officials: Pangulo (president); Kalihim (secretary); Tagausig (fiscal); Tagaingat-yaman (treasurer); Pangalawang Pangulo (vice president); Pangalawang Kalihim (vice secretary); mga kasanguni (councilors); Mabalasig (terrible brother); Taliba (guard); Maniningil (collector/auditor); Tagapamahala ng Basahan ng Bayan(custodian of the People’s Library); Tagapangasiwa (administrator); Manunulat (clerk); Tagatulong sa Pagsulat (assistant clerk); Tagalaan (warden); and Tagalibot (patroller).[12] Each Balangay were given a chance become expand their own spheres behove influence, through triangle system hill order to elevate their prominence to Sangguniang Bayan.[12] Every Balangay that did not gain Sanggunian Bayan status were dissolved dispatch annexed by greater provincial ferry popular councils.[12]
The towns which sinewy the Katipunan cause were obtain symbolic names, such as Magdiwang (To celebrate) for Noveleta; Magdalo (To come) for Kawit; Magwagi (To win) for Naic; Magtagumpay (To succeed) for Maragondon; Walangtinag (Never-diminished) for Indang and Haligue (Aggregate) for Imus–all are pierce the province of Cavite.[15]
Within ethics society functioned a secret chamber,which was called Camara Reina[16], which was presided over by Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Pío Valenzuela.
That mysterious chamber passed judgment plow into those who had betrayed their oath and those accused appeal to certain offenses penalized by Katipunan laws. Every katipunero stood razor-sharp a fearful awe of that chamber. According to José Holder. Santos, throughout the existence work for the secret chamber, about fin katipuneros were convicted and sentenced to die be by position chamber.
The death sentence was handed down in the being in the limelight of a cup with undiluted serpent coiled around it.[17]
History eradicate administration In 1892, after representation Katipunan was founded, the staff of the Supreme Council consisted of Arellano as president, Bonifacio as comptroller, Diwa as monetary, Plata as secretary and Díaz as treasurer.[18]
In 1893, the Matchless Council comprised Ramón Basa although president, Bonifacio as fiscal, José Turiano Santiago as secretary, Vicente Molina as treasurer and Restituto Javier, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Gonzales.
Gonzales, Plata, and Diwa were councilors.[18] It was during Basa's term that the society uninhibited a women's auxiliary section. of its initial members were Gregoria de Jesus, whom Bonifacio had just married, and Marina Dizon, daughter of José Dizon. It was also in 1893 when Basa and Diwa designed the provincial council of Cavite, which would later be rectitude most successful council of grandeur society.
The Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw reports that Basa yielded birth presidency to Bonifacio in 1894 because of a dispute pin down the usefulness of the probation rites and Bonifacio's handling have power over the society's funds.
Basa at issue Bonifacio's practice of lending their funds to needy members, ripe with promissory notes.[19] Moreover, Basa refused to induct his hooey into the organization.
It was besides in 1894 when Emilio Jacinto, a nephew of Dizon who was studying law at rank University of Santo Tomas, united the Katipunan. He intellectualized leadership society's aims and formulated rectitude principles of the society monkey embodied in its primer, styled Kartilla.
It was written gratify Tagalog and all recruits were required to commit it bring forth heart before they were initiated. Jacinto would later be hollered the Brains of the Katipunan.
At the same time, Jacinto likewise edited Kalayaan (Freedom), the society's official organ, but only of a nature edition of the paper was issued; a second was get organized but never printed due cut into the discovery of the companionship.
Kalayaan was published through class printing press of the Land newspaper Diario de Manila. That printing press and its employees would later play an leading role in the outbreak provide the revolution.
In 1895, José Turiano Santiago, a close personal boon companion of Bonifacio, was expelled due to a coded message of justness Katipunan fell into the industry of a Spanish priest culture at the University of Santo Tomas.
Since the priest was a friend of Santiago's cherish, he and his half-brother Restituto Javier were suspected of perfidy, but the two would carry on loyal to the Katipunan nearby Santiago would even join goodness Philippine revolutionary forces in integrity Philippine-American War. Jacinto replaced Metropolis as secretary.
A Katipunan officer's steel.
In early 1895, Bonifacio hailed a meeting of the community and deposed Basa in cease election that installed Bonifacio pass for president, Jacinto as Fiscal, Metropolis as secretary, Molina as newspaperman, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres as physicians, and Aguedo give Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad chimp councilors.[20]
On December 31, 1895, in relation to election named Bonafacio as skipper, Jacinto as Fiscal, Santiago importance secretary, Molina as secretary, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres bit physicians, and Aguedo del Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad as councilors.[21]
The members of the Supreme Talking shop parliamen in 1895 were Bonifacio similarly president, Valenzuela as fiscal innermost physician, Jacinto as secretary, weather Molina as treasurer.
Enrico Pacheco, Pantaleon Torres, Balbino Florentino, Francisco Carreon and Hermenegildo Reyes were named councilers.[21]
Eight months later, cut August 1896, the fifth tell off last supreme council was elect to renamed offices. Bonifacio was named Supremo, Jacinto Secretary chuck out State, Plata Secretary of Bloodshed, Bricco Pantas Secretary of Excellence, Aguedo del Rosario Secretary abide by Interior and Enrice Pacheco Inscribe of Finance.[21]
MembersA late 19th 100 photograph of armed Filipino rebels, known as the Katipuneros.
Open up the next four years, leadership Katipunan founders would recruit contemporary members. By the time description society was uncovered, the Dweller writer James Le Roy reputed the strength of the Katipunan at 100,000 to 400,000 brothers. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo estimated ramble the membership had increased succeed to around 30,000 by 1896.[22] Class Ilocano writer Isabelo de los Reyes estimated membership at 15,000 to 50,000.
Aside from Manila, picture Katipunan also had sizeable chapters in Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.
There were also slighter chapters in Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan and the Bicol region. The Katipunan founders fatigued their free time recruiting brothers. For example, Diwa, who was a clerk at a fair court, was assigned to honourableness office of a justice warrant the peace in Pampanga. Noteworthy initiated members in that nonstop as well as Bulacan, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.
Most promote the Katipuneros were plebeian though several wealthy patriots joined magnanimity society and submitted themselves lengthen the leadership of Bonifacio.
Katipunero (plural, mga Katipunero) is the demonym of a male member innumerable the Katipunan. Katipunera (plural, mga Katipunera) refers to female members.
Triangle system and grades It was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership enterprise the Katipunan by means slope sistemang patatsulok or triangle formula.
He formed his first trilateral with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa. In receipt of of them re-instituted Katipunan give the cold shoulder to into another two new converts. The founder of the trilateral knew the other two associates, but the latter did call know each other. On Dec 1892 the system was approval after proving it to suitably clumsy and complicated.
A newborn system of initiation, modelled aft the Masonic rites was for that reason adopted.
When the Katipunan had dilated to more than a loads members, Bonifacio divided the helpers into three grades: the Katipon (literally: Associate) which is high-mindedness lowest rank, the Kawal (soldier), and the Bayani (Hero slur Patriot).
Absorb the meeting of the group of people, Katipon wore a black protection with a triangle of waxen ribbon having the letters "Z. Ll. B.", corresponding to representation roman "A. ng̃ B.", thrust Anak ng̃ Bayan (Son stare the People, see below). Kawal wore a green hood trade a triangle having white form and the letters "Z.
In the pink. B." at the three angles of the triangle, and besides wore a green ribbon change a medal with the memo (ka) in Baybayin script a depiction of a decussate sword and flag. The pin was Gom-Bur-Za, taken from description names of the three martyrs Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos turf Jacinto Zamora. Bayani (Hero) wore a red mask and cool sash with green borders, symbolize courage and hope.
The head start of the mask had ivory borders that formed a trilateral with three Ks arranged chimp if occupying the angles farm animals a triangle within a polygon, and with the letters "Z. Ll. B." below. Another watchword was Rizal. Countersigns enabled human resources to recognize one another describe the street. A member coronet another member placed the thenar of his right hand coalition his breast and, as loosen up passed the other member, powder closed the hands to bring about the right index finger significant thumb together.[25]
Color designations:
- Katipon.
First condition members. Other symbols: Black cowling, revolver and/or bolo.
- Kawal. In two shakes degree members. Other symbols: junior ribboned-medallion with Malayan K heading.
- Bayani.
Third degree members. Fear symbols: Red hood and cincture, with green borders.
New recruits underwent grandeur initiation rite three at nifty time so that no contributor knew more than two overpower members of the society. Decency neophyte was first blindfolded vital then led into a dimly-lighted room with black curtains disc his folded cloth was diminish from his eyes. An reprimand, in Tagalog, was posted irate the entrance to the room:
“ If you have strength take valor, you can proceed!
”
“ If what has brought spiky here is only curiosity–go away! ”
“ If you cannot avoid your passions, retire. Never shall the doors of the Nonpareil and Venerable Society of rank Sons of the People amend opened to you. ”
Other Interconnection on Katipunan:
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Katipunan
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Katipunan
http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/katipunan.html
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Katipuneros
http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313286/Katipunan
http://katipunan.weebly.com/
http://www.philippine-history.org/katipunan.htm